葛宝山;赵丽仪

• 1:吉林大学 管理学院
• 2: 吉林 长春 130022

摘要(Abstract)：

隐形冠军企业是德国管理学者赫尔曼?西蒙提出的概念，用以刻画社会知名度低但是国际市场占有率极高的中小企业。在逆全球化情境下，我国企业面临诸多“卡脖子”技术瓶颈，培育一大批国际细分市场上的隐形冠军企业是我国有效实施“双循环”战略、实现高质量经济发展的有力推手。因此，隐形冠军企业的发展战略和成长机理已成为学界关注的热点问题。本文归纳提出“精一战略”概念，认为隐形冠军企业之所以能够成功，得益于其在整个生命周期中始终坚持“精一战略”。文章基于创业理论视角，实证检验了精一战略在创业导向与隐形冠军企业绩效之间的作用机制，研究发现隐形冠军企业的创业导向能够促进其技术创新、获取先发优势，显著提升其企业绩效；而聚焦细分市场，做专、做精、做深并且持之以恒地实施精一战略则帮助隐形冠军企业形成核心竞争能力，因而达到提升经营绩效的目的。文章还进一步探讨了吸收能力、环境动态性对精一战略与隐形冠军企业绩效之间关系的影响。本文从理论上解释了隐形冠军企业的成长机理，并对数字经济和双循环背景下，我国如何培育更多隐形冠军企业具有指导和启发意义。

关键词(KeyWords)： 隐形冠军;创业导向;精一战略;吸收能力;环境动态性

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金面上项目（71972083）；国家自然科学基金重大项目（72091310，72091315）

作者(Authors): 葛宝山;赵丽仪

DOI: 10.16538/j.cnki.fem.20210827.401

参考文献(References)：

• [1] 陈明哲, 陈天旭. 理论与实践的“合一”: 一个全方位管理学者的创业历程[J]. 外国经济与管理,2019, 41(3): 3-24
  [2] 陈明哲. 精一管理: 企业永续经营的生生之道[J]. 清华管理评论,2016, (12): 90-96
  [3] 陈晓红, 蔡莉, 王重鸣, 等. 创新驱动的重大创业理论与关键科学问题[J]. 中国科学基金,2020, 34(2): 228-236
  [4] 葛宝山, 王治国. 隐形冠军企业创业研究述评及展望[J]. 外国经济与管理,2020, 42(11): 20-32
  [5] 姜诗尧. 创业者“动机—能力”视角下迭代式创新机制研究[J]. 科学学研究,2020, 38(9): 1698-1705
  [6] 黎赔肆, 焦豪. 动态环境下组织即兴对创业导向的影响机制研究[J]. 管理学报,2014, 11(9): 1366-1371
  [7] 孟猛猛, 焦捷, 雷家骕, 等. 吸收能力对创业拼凑的影响: 善待员工的作用[J]. 科学学研究,2020, 38(1): 105-112
  [8] 苏敬勤, 张雁鸣, 林菁菁. 新兴国家企业选择专业化战略的情境识别及机制探讨——基于深圳企业的多案例研究[J]. 管理评论,2020, 32(1): 309-323
  [9] Alvarez-Torres F J, Lopez-Torres G C, Schiuma G. Linking entrepreneurial orientation to SMEs’ performance[J]. Management Decision,2019, 57(12): 3364-3386
  [10] Anderson B S, Kreiser P M, Kuratko D F, et al. Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015, 36(10): 1579-1596
  [11] Audretsch D B, Lehmann E E, Schenkenhofer J. Internationalization strategies of hidden champions: Lessons from Germany[J]. Multinational Business Review,2018, 26(1): 2-24
  [12] Bell J, Crick D, Young S. Small firm internationalization and business strategy: An exploratory study of ‘knowledge-intensive’ and ‘traditional’ manufacturing firms in the UK[J]. International Small Business Journal:Researching Entrepreneurship,2004, 22(1): 23-56
  [13] Bernoster I, Mukerjee J, Thurik R. The role of affect in entrepreneurial orientation[J]. Small Business Economics,2020, 54(1): 235-256
  [14] Biedenbach T, Müller R. Absorptive, innovative and adaptive capabilities and their impact on project and project portfolio performance[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2012, 30(5): 621-635
  [15] Borch O J, Huse M, Senneseth K. Resource configuration, competitive strategies, and corporate entrepreneurship: An empirical examination of small firms[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1999, 24(1): 49-70
  [16] Bowen H P, Baker H K, Powell G E. Globalization and diversification strategy: A managerial perspective[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Management,2015, 31(1): 25-39
  [17] Chou S F, Horng J S, Liu C H, et al. The critical criteria for innovation entrepreneurship of restaurants: Considering the interrelationship effect of human capital and competitive strategy a case study in Taiwan[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,2020, 42: 222-234
  [18] Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, 35(1): 128-152
  [19] Covin J G, Slevin D P. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1991, 16(1): 7-26
  [20] Din F U, Dolles H, Middel R. Strategies for small and medium-sized enterprises to compete successfully on the world market: Cases of Swedish hidden champions[J]. Asian Business & Management,2013, 12(5): 591-612
  [21] Grego-Planer D, Glabiszewski W. The role of innovation in the business activity of hidden leaders of the Polish economy[J]. Management,2016, 20(2): 23-34
  [22] Hernández-Perlines F, Moreno-García J, Yañez-Araque B. The mediating role of competitive strategy in international entrepreneurial orientation[J]. Journal of Business Research,2016, 69(11): 5383-5389
  [23] Hochberg Y V, Mazzeo M J, Mcdevitt R C. Specialization and competition in the venture capital industry[J]. Review of Industrial Organization,2015, 46(4): 323-347
  [24] Islami X, Mustafa N, Latkovikj M T. Linking Porter's generic strategies to firm performance[J]. Future Business Journal,2020, 6(1): 3
  [25] Jia X, Chowdhury M, Prayag G, et al. The role of social capital on proactive and reactive resilience of organizations post-disaster[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,2020, 48: 101614
  [26] Kim L. Crisis construction and organizational learning: Capability building in catching-up at Hyundai Motor[J]. Organization Science,1998, 9(4): 506-521
  [27] Kohtamäki M, Heimonen J, Sjödin D, et al. Strategic agility in innovation: Unpacking the interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and absorptive capacity by using practice theory[J]. Journal of Business Research,2020, 118: 12-25
  [28] Kollmann T, Stöckmann C, Meves Y, et al. When members of entrepreneurial teams differ: Linking diversity in individual-level entrepreneurial orientation to team performance[J]. Small Business Economics,2017, 48(4): 843-859
  [29] Lahti A. International trade, entrepreneurship, and monopolistic competition: German hidden champions and global markets[J]. China-USA Business Review,2014, 13(9): 592-613
  [30] Lane P J, Koka B R, Pathak S. The reification of absorptive capacity: A critical review and rejuvenation of the construct[J]. Academy of Management Review,2006, 31(4): 833-863
  [31] Lawal F A, Adegbuyi O A, Iyiola O O, et al. Nexus between informal networks and risk-taking: Implications for improving the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria[J]. Academy of Strategic Management Journal,2018, 17(2): 1-14
  [32] Lee C H, Hoehn-Weiss M N, Karim S. Competing both ways: How combining porter's low-cost and focus strategies hurts firm performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2021, 42(12): 2218-2244
  [33] Lee L T S, Sukoco B M. The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge management capability on organizational effectiveness in Taiwan: The moderating role of social capital[J]. International Journal of Management,2007, 24(3): 549-572
  [34] Lee S S, Chung Y K. A study on development strategy of Korean hidden champion firm: Focus on SWOT/AHP technique utilizing the competitiveness index[J]. Journal of International Entrepreneurship,2018, 16(4): 547-575
  [35] Liu Y L, Ndubisi N O, Liu Y, et al. New product development and sustainable performance of chinese SMMEs: The role of dynamic capability and intra-national environmental forces[J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2020, 230: 107817
  [36] Lumpkin G T, Dess G G. Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2001, 16(5): 429-451
  [37] Miller D. The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms[J]. Management Science,1983, 29(7): 770-791
  [38] Miller D, Friesen P H. Porter's (1980) generic strategies and performance: an empirical examination with American data: part I: testing Porter[J]. Organization studies,1986, 7(1): 37-55
  [39] Nambisan S, Siegel D, Kenney M. On open innovation, platforms, and entrepreneurship[J]. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2018, 12(3): 354-368
  [40] Pertusa-Ortega E M, Molina-Azorín J F, Claver-Cortés E. Competitive strategies and firm performance: A comparative analysis of Pure, Hybrid and 'Stuck-in-the-middle' strategies in Spanish firms[J]. British Journal of Management,2009, 20(4): 508-523
  [41] Porter M E. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance[M]. New York: Free Press, 1985.
  [42] Riviezzo A, Santos S C, Liñán F, et al. European universities seeking entrepreneurial paths: The moderating effect of contextual variables on the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2019, 141: 232-248
  [43] Rosenbusch N, Rauch A, Bausch A. The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation in the task environment–performance relationship: A meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Management,2013, 39(3): 633-659
  [44] Rothaermel F T, Alexandre M T. Ambidexterity in technology sourcing: The moderating role of absorptive capacity[J]. Organization Science,2009, 20(4): 759-780
  [45] Sakhartov A V. Economies of scope, resource relatedness, and the dynamics of corporate diversification[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(11): 2168-2188
  [46] Sarsah S A, Tian H Y, Dogbe C S K, et al. Effect of entrepreneurial orientation on radical innovation performance among manufacturing SMEs: The mediating role of absorptive capacity[J]. Journal of Strategy and Management,2020, 13(4): 551-570
  [47] Simon H. Hidden Champions of the twenty-first century: Success strategies of unknown world market leaders[M]. New York: Springer, 2009.
  [48] Simon H. Hidden Champions: Lessons from 500 of the world’s best unknown companies[M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1996.
  [49] Tanwar R. Porter’s generic competitive strategies[J]. IOSR Journal of Business and Management,2013, 15(1): 11-17
  [50] Wales W J, Parida V, Patel P C. Too much of a good thing? Absorptive capacity, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2013, 34(5): 622-633
  [51] Wiklund J, Shepherd D. Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2005, 20(1): 71-91
  [52] Wong C Y, Boon-Itt S, Wong C W Y. The contingency effects of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2011, 29(6): 604-615
  [53] Yu W T, Ramanathan R, Wang X Y, et al. Operations capability, productivity and business performance: The moderating effect of environmental dynamism[J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems,2018, 118(1): 126-143
  [54] Zahra S A, George G. Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension[J]. The Academy of Management Review,2002, 27(2): 185-203
  [55] Zhai Y M, Sun W Q, Tsai S B, et al. An empirical study on entrepreneurial orientation, absorptive capacity, and SMEs' innovation performance: A sustainable perspective[J]. Sustainability,2018, 10(2): 314