张静;宋继文;王悦

• 1:中国人民大学 商学院，北京 100872

摘要(Abstract)：

“正念”（mindfulness）是源自东方佛教的一个古老概念，正念在工作场所研究中被定义为“一种对当前事件和经历的可接受的注意力和觉知”（Brown等，2007）。近年来，西方已有实证研究发现正念对工作场所员工幸福感、工作绩效、领导力水平等有积极影响，正念训练在一些知名公司已得到实际应用并获得员工好评，正念研究在工作场所未来潜力巨大。但此类研究尚未在国内引起重视。基于国外现有研究成果，本文介绍了正念的起源、概念内涵和测量情况。继而从正念的前因变量、结果变量和正念作为调节变量三方面，对工作场所正念相关实证研究和理论探索成果进行归纳总结。在此基础上构建了既有研究成果框架图，并就前因变量、结果变量、调节作用、测量和研究方法、本土化研究等方面的不足，提出研究展望。

关键词(KeyWords)： 正念;正念训练;觉知;员工幸福感

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 中国人民大学2016年度拔尖创新人才培育资助计划项目

作者(Authors): 张静;宋继文;王悦

DOI: 10.16538/j.cnki.fem.2017.08.005

参考文献(References)：

• [1] 李平, 曹仰锋. 案例研究方法:理论与范例——凯瑟琳·艾森哈特论文集[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2012.
  [2] 李平, 曹仰锋. 悟性:企业家认知的至高境界[J]. 中欧商业评论, 2014, (4):36-43.
  [3] 牟宗三. 中国哲学十九讲[M]. 上海:上海古籍出版社, 1997.
  [4] 王馨, 李平. 团队悟性创新理论框架:中国航天工程情境下的本土创新案例研究[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2017, (3):3-23.
  [5] 张韬. 组织学习类型的整合与模型构建:基于正念影响的研究[J]. 贵阳学院学报(社会科学版), 2015, (4):66-71.
  [6] 张韬. 正念思维对员工创造力的影响——以自我效能感为中介[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2016, (7):150-155.
  [7] 赵延昇, 於学松. 员工正念与人际公民行为的关系研究——同事信任的中介作用及工作关联性的调节作用[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版), 2016, (2):83-90.
  [8] Allen T D, Kiburz K M. Trait mindfulness and work-family balance among working parents:The mediating effects of vitality and sleep quality[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2012, 80(2):372-379.
  [9] Baas M, Nevicka B, Ten Velden F S. Specific mindfulness skills differentially predict creative performance[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2014, 40(9):1092-1106.
  [10] Baer R A. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention:A conceptual and empirical review[J]. Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice, 2003, 10(2):125-143.
  [11] Baer R A, Smith G T, Hopkins J, et al. Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness[J]. Assessment, 2006, 13(1):27-45.
  [12] Bono J E, Judge T A. Self-concordance at work:Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2003, 46(5):554-571.
  [13] Brown K W, Ryan R M. The benefits of being present:Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 84(4):822-848.
  [14] Brown K W, Ryan R M, Creswell J D. Mindfulness:Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects[J]. Psychological Inquiry, 2007, 18(4):211-237.
  [15] Chambers R, Lo B C Y, Allen N B. The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect[J]. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2008, 32(3):303-322.
  [16] Chiesa A, Malinowski P. Mindfulness-based approaches:Are they all the same?[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2011, 67(4):404-424.
  [17] Chiesa A, Serretti A. A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations[J]. Psychological Medicine, 2010, 40(8):1239-1252.
  [18] Cleirigh D O, Greaney J. Mindfulness and group performance:An exploratory investigation into the effects of brief mindfulness intervention on group task performance[J]. Mindfulness, 2015, 6(3):601-609.
  [19] Dalal R S, Bhave D P, Fiset J. Within-person variability in job performance:A theoretical review and research agenda[J]. Journal of Management, 2014, 40(5):1396-1436.
  [20] Dane E. Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace[J]. Journal of Management, 2011, 37(4):997-1018.
  [21] Dane E, Brummel B J. Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention[J]. Human Relations, 2014, 67(1):105-128.
  [22] Davids T W R, Stede W B. The Pali text society's Pali-English dictionary[M]. London:Luzac and Company, 1959.
  [23] Dekeyser M, Raes F, Leijssen M, et al. Mindfulness skills and interpersonal behavior[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2008, 44(5):1235-1245.
  [24] Delmonte M M. The relevance of meditation to clinical practice:An overview[J]. Applied Psychology, 1990, 39(3):331-354.
  [25] Dreyfus G. Is mindfulness present-centred and non-judgmental? A discussion of the cognitive dimensions of mindfulness[J]. Contemporary Buddhism, 2011, 12(1):41-54.
  [26] Eberth J, Sedlmeier P. The effects of mindfulness meditation:A meta-analysis[J]. Mindfulness, 2012, 3(3):174-189.
  [27] Edmondson A C, Mcmanus S E. Methodological fit in management field research[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2007, 32(4):1246-1264.
  [28] Eisenbeiss S A, van Knippenberg D. On ethical leadership impact:The role of follower mindfulness and moral emotions[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2015, 36(2):182-195.
  [29] Elzinga B M, Roelofs K. Cortisol-induced impairments of working memory require acute sympathetic activation[J]. Behavioral Neuroscience, 2005, 119(1):98-103.
  [30] Flook L, Goldberg S B, Pinger L, et al. Mindfulness for teachers:A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout, and teaching efficacy[J]. Mind, Brain, and Education, 2013, 7(3):182-195.
  [31] Frewen P A, Evans E M, Maraj N, et al. Letting go:Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking[J]. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2008, 32(6):758-774.
  [32] Germer C K, Siegel R D, Fulton P R. Mindfulness and psychotherapy[M]. New York:The Guilford Press, 2005.
  [33] Glomb T M, Duffy M K, Bono J E, et al. Mindfulness at work[A]. Joshi A, Liao H, Martocchio J J. Research in personnel and human resources management[C]. volume 30. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011:115-157.
  [34] Good D J, Lyddy C J, Glomb T M, et al. Contemplating mindfulness at work:An integrative review[J]. Journal of Management, 2016, 42(1):114-142.
  [35] Grandy G, Holton J. Leadership development needs assessment in healthcare:A collaborative approach[J]. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2013, 34(5):427-445.
  [36] Hafenbrack A C, Kinias Z, Barsade S G. Debiasing the mind through meditation:Mindfulness and the sunk-cost bias[J]. Psychological Science, 2014, 25(2):369-376.
  [37] Howell A J, Digdon N L, Buro K, et al. Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2008, 45(8):773-777.
  [38] Howell A J, Digdon N L, Buro K. Mindfulness predicts sleep-related self-regulation and well-being[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2010, 48(4):419-424.
  [39] Hunter L W, Thatcher S M B. Feeling the heat:Effects of stress, commitment, and job experience on job performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4):953-968.
  [40] Hülsheger U R, Alberts H J E M, Feinholdt A, et al. Benefits of mindfulness at work:The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2013, 98(2):310-325.
  [41] Hülsheger U R, Feinholdt A, Nübold A. A low-dose mindfulness intervention and recovery from work:Effects on psychological detachment, sleep quality, and sleep duration[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2015, 88(3):464-489.
  [42] Hülsheger U R, Lang J W B, Depenbrock F, et al. The power of presence:The role of mindfulness at work for daily levels and change trajectories of psychological detachment and sleep quality[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2014, 99(6):1113-1128.
  [43] Jensen C G, Vangkilde S, Frokjaer V, et al. Mindfulness training affects attention-or is it attentional effort?[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 2012, 141(1):106-123.
  [44] Kabat-Zinn J. Coming to our senses:Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness[M]. New York, NY:Hyperion, 2005.
  [45] Karssiens A E A, van der Linden C, Wilderom C P M, et al. Embodied mind knowledge in leadership practice:Creating space in patterned thoughts and behaviors[J]. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2014, 23(3):231-241.
  [46] Kernis M H, Goldman B M. A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity:Theory and research[J]. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2006, 38:283-357.
  [47] Killingsworth M A, Gilbert D T. A wandering mind is an unhappy mind[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6006):932.
  [48] Krishnakumar S, Robinson M D. Maintaining an even keel:An affect-mediated model of mindfulness and hostile work behavior[J]. Emotion, 2015, 15(5):579-589.
  [49] Lakey C E, Kernis M H, Heppner W L, et al. Individual differences in authenticity and mindfulness as predictors of verbal defensiveness[J]. Journal of Research in Personality, 2008, 42(1):230-238.
  [50] Leroy H, Anseel F, Dimitrova N G, et al. Mindfulness, authentic functioning, and work engagement:A growth modeling approach[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2013, 82(3):238-247.
  [51] Liang L H, Lian H W, Brown D J, et al. Why are abusive supervisors abusive? A dual-system self-control model[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2016, 59(4):1385-1406.
  [52] Long E C, Christian M S. Mindfulness buffers retaliatory responses to injustice:A regulatory approach[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2015, 100(5):1409-1422.
  [53] Luthans F, Avolio B J, Avey J B, et al. Positive psychological capital:Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction[J]. Personnel Psychology, 2007, 60(3):541-572.
  [54] Malinowski P, Lim H J. Mindfulness at work:Positive affect, hope, and optimism mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, work engagement, and well-being[J]. Mindfulness, 2015, 6(6):1250-1262.
  [55] Mayer R C, Davis J H, Schoorman F D. An integrative model of organizational trust[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1995, 20(3):709-734.
  [56] Michel A, Bosch C, Rexroth M. Mindfulness as a cognitive-emotional segmentation strategy:An intervention promoting work-life balance[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2014, 87(4):733-754.
  [57] Miner A G, Glomb T M. State mood, task performance, and behavior at work:A within-persons approach[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2010, 112(1):43-57.
  [58] Mrazek M D, Franklin M S, Phillips D T, et al. Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering[J]. Psychological Science, 2013, 24(5):776-781.
  [59] Mrazek M D, Smallwood J, Schooler J W. Mindfulness and mind-wandering:Finding convergence through opposing constructs[J]. Emotion, 2012, 12(3):442-448.
  [60] Mullins H M, Cortina J M, Drake C L, et al. Sleepiness at work:A review and framework of how the physiology of sleepiness impacts the workplace[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2014, 99(6):1096-1112.
  [61] Neff K. Self-compassion:An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself[J]. Selfand Identity, 2003, 2(2):85-101.
  [62] Neubauer A C, Fink A. Intelligence and neural efficiency[J]. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2009, 33(7):1004-1023.
  [63] Olano H A, Kachan D, Tannenbaum S L, et al. Engagement in mindfulness practices by U. S. adults:Sociodemographic barriers[J]. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2015, 21(2):100-102.
  [64] Ostafin B D, Kassman K T. Stepping out of history:Mindfulness improves insight problem solving[J]. Consciousness and Cognition, 2012, 21(2):1031-1036.
  [65] Papies E K, Barsalou L W, Custers R. Mindful attention prevents mindless impulses[J]. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2012, 3(3):291-99.
  [66] Quaglia J T, Brown K W, Lindsay E K, et al. From conceptualization to operationalization of mindfulness[A]. Brown K W, Creswell J D, Ryan R M. Handbook of mindfulness:Theory, research, and practice[M]. New York:Guilford Press, 2015:151-170.
  [67] Reb J, Narayanan J. The influence of mindful attention on value claiming in distributive negotiations:Evidence from four laboratory experiments[J]. Mindfulness, 2014, 5(6):756-766.
  [68] Reb J, Narayanan J, Chaturvedi S. Leading mindfully:Two studies on the influence of supervisor trait mindfulness on employee well-being and performance[J]. Mindfulness, 2014, 5(1):36-45.
  [69] Reb J, Narayanan J, Ho Z W. Mindfulness at work:Antecedents and consequences of employee awareness and absent-mindedness[J]. Mindfulness, 2015, 6(1):111-122.
  [70] Roche M, Haar J M, Luthans F. The role of mindfulness and psychological capital on the well-being of leaders[J]. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2014, 19(4):476-489.
  [71] Ruocco A C, Direkoglu E. Delineating the contributions of sustained attention and working memory to individual differences in mindfulness[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2013, 54(2):226-230.
  [72] Ryan R M, Deci E L. Self-determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior[A]. John OP, Robins RW, Pervin L A. Handbook of personality:Theory and research[C]. 3rd ed. New York, NY:Guilford Press, 2008:654-678.
  [73] Schultz P P, Ryan R M, Niemiec C P, et al. Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being[J]. Mindfulness, 2015, 6(5):971-985.
  [74] Shonin E, van Gordon W, Dunn T J, et al. Meditation awareness training (MAT) for work-related wellbeing and job performance:A randomised controlled trial[J]. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2014, 12(6):806-823.
  [75] Simon H A. Designing organizations for an information-rich world[A]. Greenberger M. Computers, communication, and the public interest[M]. Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins Press, 1971.
  [76] Sin N L, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions:A practice-friendly meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2009, 65(5):467-487.
  [77] Tan C M. Search inside yourself:The unexpected path to achieving success, happiness (and world peace)[M]. New York:Harper Collins Publishers, 2012.
  [78] Tang Y Y, Hölzel B K, Posner M I. The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation[J]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2015, 16(4):213-225.
  [79] Teasdale J D, Segal Z V, Williams J M G, et al. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy[J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2000, 68(4):615-623.
  [80] Valentine S, Godkin L, Varca P E. Role conflict, mindfulness, and organizational ethics in an education-based healthcare institution[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2010, 94(3):455-469.
  [81] Wadlinger H A, Isaacowitz D M. Fixing our focus:Training attention to regulate emotion[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2011, 15(1):75-102.
  [82] Wasylkiw L, Holton J, Azar R, et al. The impact of mindfulness on leadership effectiveness in a health care setting:A pilot study[J]. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 2015, 29(7):893-911.
  [83] Weick K E, Putnam T. Organizing for mindfulness:Eastern wisdom and western knowledge[J]. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2006, 15(3):275-287.
  [84] Weick K E, Roberts K H. Collective mind in organizations:Heedful interrelating on flight decks[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1993, 38(3):357-381.
  [85] Wells A. GAD, meta-cognition, and mindfulness:An information processing analysis[J]. Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice, 2002, 9(1):95-100.
  [86] Wolever R Q, Bobinet K J, McCabe K, et al. Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace:A randomized controlled trial[J]. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2012, 17(2):246-258.
  [87] Zhang J Y, Ding W D, Li Y J, et al. Task complexity matters:The influence of trait mindfulness on task and safety performance of nuclear power plant operators[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2013, 55(4):433-439.
  [88] Zhang J Y, Wu C X. The influence of dispositional mindfulness on safety behaviors:A dual process perspective[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2014, 70:24-32.